Albania

During the Communist era, the administration of education was noted for its high degree of centralization and strict adherence to ideological principles outlined by the party leadership. Since 1991 the democratically elected government has initiated a number of reforms. In 1995 a law was passed that stipulated the importance of civic education to instill democratic values.

Educational research is conducted by the Pedagogical Research Institute. Officials from the Ministry of Education, teachers, and administrators from the Textbook Publishing House have been sent to other nations to research modern educational methods and policies. New textbooks and teachers' manuals have been prepared. Still, limited budgets and the nation's economic instability hamper widespread reform.