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Turkmenistan - Summary


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There is an enormous concern to develop adequate means for developing the region's potential in education. After an initial period of rejecting everything from the recent past and a rush to indiscriminately adopt everything foreign, the transition is gradually moving from the present centralized system to one that emphasizes national identity and diversity. Following are some of the new directions that have been adopted as new educational laws within the Central Asian countries:

  1. Reducing the length of compulsory education from eleven to nine years, in order to avoid educational wastage.
  2. Allowing private and other types of non-public education at all levels.
  3. Gradually introducing tuition fees in higher education and various types of user fees at lower fees.
  4. Discontinuing the practice of guaranteed employment for graduates.
  5. Converting from the Cyrillic to the Latin alphabet and promoting the use of local languages for instruction.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Akiner, Shirin, ed. Economic and Political Trends in Central Asia. New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1992.

Alptekin, Erkin. "Chinese Policy in Eastern Turkestan," Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs Journal, 13 January 1992, 185-95.

Andreyev, Nikolai. "What future for Uzbekistan, Kirgizia, Turkmenia?" Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press, 44, July 22, 1992, 8-11.

Aziz, Sartaj. "The Rediscovery of Central Asia," Economics Review [Karachi], 23 June 1992, 15-17.

Banuazizi, Ali and Myron Weiner, eds. The New Geopolitics of Central Asia and Its Borderlands. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994.

Bartol'd, Vasilii Vladimirovich. "A History of the Turkman People (An Outline)." Pages 73-170 in Four Studies on the History of Central Asia III. Trans., V. and T. Minorsky. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1962.

Basilov, Vladimir Nikolayevich. "Honor Groups in Traditional Turkmenian Society." Pages 220-43 in Akbar Ahmed and David hart, eds. Islam in Tribal Societies. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1984.

Bourdeaux, Michael, ed. The Politics of Religion in Russia and the New States of Eurasia. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1995.

Bregel, Yuriy. "The People's of Southern Turkmenistan and Khorasan in the 17th and 18th Centuries," Central Asian Review 8, No. 3, 1960, 264-72.

——. "Nomadic and Sedentary Elements Among the Turkmens," Central Asiatic Journal, 25, Nos. 1-2, 1981, 5-37.

Broxup, Maria. "Islam in Central Asia since Gorbachev," Asian Affairs [London], 18 October 1987, 283-93.

Dawisha, Karen and Bruce Parrott. Russia and the New States of Eurasia: The Politics of Upheaval. Port Chester, NY: Cambridge University Press, 1994.

Farmayan, Hafez. "Turkoman Identity and Presence in Iran," Iran, 4, Summer 1981, 45-63.

Ferdinand, Peter. The New States of Central Asia and Their Neighbors. New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1994.

Gleason, Gregory. An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples. Wiesbaden: Otto Harassowitz, 1992.

Henze, Paul B. Whither Turkestan? Santa Monica, California: Rand, 1992.

Hostler, Charles Warren. The Turks of Central Asia. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 1993.

Howard, G. "The Caspian Oil and Gas Oasis: Turkmenistan," Russian Oil and Gas Guide 3, No. 1, 1994, 54-58.

International Monetary Fund. Economic Review: Turkmenistan. Washington: 1992.

——. Turkmenistan. Washington: 1994.

Irons, William. The Yomut Turkmen: A Study of Social Organization Among a Central Asian Turkic-Speaking Population. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1975.

Kaiser, Robert J. The Geography of Nationalism in Russia and the USSR. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994.

Mandelbaum, Michael, ed. Central Asia and the World: Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and Turkmenistan. New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1994.

Martin, Keith. "Environment: Central Asia's Forgotten Tragedy," RFE/RL Research Report [Munich] 3, No. 29, July 29, 1994, 35-48.

Mesbahi, Mohiaddin, ed. Central Asia and the Caucasus after the Soviet Union: Domestic and International Dynamics. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1994.

Nichol, James and Leah Titerence. "Turkmenistan: Basis Facts," CRS Report for Congress. Washington: Library of Congress, Congressional Research Services, March 16, 1993.

PlanEcon. Review and Outlook for the Former Soviet Republics. Washington: 1995.

Ro'i, Yaacov, ed. Muslim Eurasia: Conflicting Legacies. London: Frank Cass, 1995.

Rubin, Barry M. "The Fragmentation of Tajikistan," Survival 35, No. 4, Winter 1993-1994, 71-91.

Thomas, Paul. The Central Asian States: Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan. Brookfield, Connecticut: Millbrook Press, 1992.

United States. Central Intelligence Agency. Turkmenistan: An Economic Profile. Springfield, Virginia: National Technical Information Service, 1993.

Wright, R. "Report from Turkestan," New Yorker, April 6, 1992-53-75.

World Bank. Turkmenistan. World Bank Country Study. Washington: 1994.


—Virginia Davis Nordin

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