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Turkmenistan

Summary



There is an enormous concern to develop adequate means for developing the region's potential in education. After an initial period of rejecting everything from the recent past and a rush to indiscriminately adopt everything foreign, the transition is gradually moving from the present centralized system to one that emphasizes national identity and diversity. Following are some of the new directions that have been adopted as new educational laws within the Central Asian countries:



  1. Reducing the length of compulsory education from eleven to nine years, in order to avoid educational wastage.
  2. Allowing private and other types of non-public education at all levels.
  3. Gradually introducing tuition fees in higher education and various types of user fees at lower fees.
  4. Discontinuing the practice of guaranteed employment for graduates.
  5. Converting from the Cyrillic to the Latin alphabet and promoting the use of local languages for instruction.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Akiner, Shirin, ed. Economic and Political Trends in Central Asia. New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1992.

Alptekin, Erkin. "Chinese Policy in Eastern Turkestan," Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs Journal, 13 January 1992, 185-95.

Andreyev, Nikolai. "What future for Uzbekistan, Kirgizia, Turkmenia?" Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press, 44, July 22, 1992, 8-11.

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Banuazizi, Ali and Myron Weiner, eds. The New Geopolitics of Central Asia and Its Borderlands. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994.

Bartol'd, Vasilii Vladimirovich. "A History of the Turkman People (An Outline)." Pages 73-170 in Four Studies on the History of Central Asia III. Trans., V. and T. Minorsky. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1962.

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——. "Nomadic and Sedentary Elements Among the Turkmens," Central Asiatic Journal, 25, Nos. 1-2, 1981, 5-37.

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Farmayan, Hafez. "Turkoman Identity and Presence in Iran," Iran, 4, Summer 1981, 45-63.

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Nichol, James and Leah Titerence. "Turkmenistan: Basis Facts," CRS Report for Congress. Washington: Library of Congress, Congressional Research Services, March 16, 1993.

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United States. Central Intelligence Agency. Turkmenistan: An Economic Profile. Springfield, Virginia: National Technical Information Service, 1993.

Wright, R. "Report from Turkestan," New Yorker, April 6, 1992-53-75.

World Bank. Turkmenistan. World Bank Country Study. Washington: 1994.


—Virginia Davis Nordin

Additional topics

Education - Free Encyclopedia Search EngineGlobal Education ReferenceTurkmenistan - History Background, Constitutional Legal Foundations, Educational System—overview, Preprimary Primary Education, Secondary Education - TEACHING PROFESSION